Q - Write any four greenhouse gases name.
A - Here are four greenhouse gases:
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
4. Water Vapor (H2O)
B Write the advantage of greenhouse.
A - Greenhouses offer several advantages for plant cultivation and agriculture:
1. **Extended Growing Season**: Greenhouses allow for year-round cultivation by providing a controlled environment that protects plants from adverse weather conditions such as frost, wind, and excessive rain, extending the growing season and allowing for continuous production.
2. **Climate Control**: The controlled environment inside greenhouses enables precise regulation of temperature, humidity, light levels, and ventilation, creating optimal conditions for plant growth, development, and productivity.
3. **Increased Crop Yields**: Greenhouses can significantly increase crop yields compared to open-field cultivation by providing favorable growing conditions, protection from pests and diseases, and efficient resource use, leading to higher productivity and profitability.
4. **Crop Diversity**: Greenhouses can accommodate a wide variety of crops, including vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers, and ornamental plants, allowing for crop diversity, experimentation, and year-round availability of fresh produce.
5. **Pest and Disease Management**: Greenhouses act as physical barriers against pests, insects, and pathogens, reducing the risk of infestations and diseases that can damage crops and lower yields, leading to healthier plants and improved crop quality.
6. **Water Efficiency**: Greenhouses use efficient irrigation systems that deliver water directly to plant roots, minimizing water wastage, evaporation, and runoff compared to traditional watering methods, promoting water conservation and sustainability.
7. **Resource Optimization**: Greenhouses optimize resource use by minimizing inputs such as water, fertilizers, pesticides, and energy, while maximizing outputs in terms of crop yield, quality, and economic returns, resulting in efficient and sustainable agricultural practices.
8. **Environmental Benefits**: Greenhouses contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving water and energy, minimizing chemical use, promoting soil health, and preserving biodiversity within controlled ecosystems.
9. **Quality Control**: The controlled environment in greenhouses allows for precise control over factors such as light intensity, CO2 levels, nutrient uptake, and environmental stressors, resulting in improved crop quality, uniformity, flavor, appearance, and marketability.
10. **Educational and Research Opportunities**: Greenhouses provide educational opportunities for learning about plant biology, horticulture, agriculture, and sustainable practices. They also support research and experimentation in plant breeding, genetics, cultivation techniques, and climate resilience.
C Write the full form of PVC and EMC
A - PVC is Polyvinyl Chloride,
SECTION B
2 A Write the chemical formula of ozone and effect of ozone layer depletion on crops
A - The chemical formula of ozone is O3, which indicates that each molecule of ozone is composed of three oxygen atoms bonded together.
The depletion of the ozone layer due to human activities, particularly the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances, can have several negative effects on crops:
1. **Increased UV Radiation**: Ozone depletion allows more ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach the Earth's surface. Excessive UV radiation can damage plant tissues, reduce photosynthesis rates, and inhibit growth and productivity.
2. **Reduced Crop Yield**: UV radiation can lead to reduced crop yields and quality. It can damage plant DNA, disrupt physiological processes, and impair photosynthetic pigments, resulting in stunted growth, decreased fruit or seed production, and lower crop yields.
3. **Altered Plant Physiology**: Ozone depletion can alter plant physiology by affecting stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, and hormonal balance. These changes can impact plant metabolism, development, and overall health, leading to reduced crop productivity.
4. **Increased Susceptibility to Pests and Diseases**: Weakened plants due to ozone exposure may become more susceptible to pest infestations, diseases, and environmental stresses. This can result in crop losses, increased pesticide use, and management challenges for farmers.
5. **Changes in Plant Composition**: Ozone exposure can alter the chemical composition of plants, including levels of antioxidants, phenolic compounds, and secondary metabolites. These changes can affect plant defenses, nutritional value, flavor, and marketability.
6. **Shifts in Crop Distribution**: Ozone-induced stress on crops may lead to shifts in crop distribution patterns, as certain crops become less viable or suitable in regions experiencing higher UV radiation levels and ozone depletion. This can impact agricultural practices, crop choices, and food security.
B What is the need of Greenhouze?
A - Greenhouses serve several important purposes, making them a crucial component of modern agriculture and horticulture. Here are some key reasons why greenhouses are needed:
1. **Extended Growing Season**: Greenhouses allow for year-round cultivation by providing a controlled environment that protects plants from adverse weather conditions such as frost, wind, excessive rain, and extreme temperatures. This extends the growing season and enables continuous production of crops regardless of external weather conditions.
2. **Climate Control**: Greenhouses offer precise control over environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light levels, and ventilation. This control creates optimal growing conditions for plants, enhancing growth rates, crop quality, and productivity.
3. **Crop Protection**: Greenhouses act as physical barriers that protect plants from pests, insects, birds, rodents, and other environmental threats. This reduces the risk of pest infestations, diseases, and damage to crops, leading to healthier plants and improved yields.
4. **Water Conservation**: Greenhouses use efficient irrigation systems that deliver water directly to plant roots, minimizing water wastage, evaporation, and runoff compared to open-field irrigation methods. This promotes water conservation and sustainable resource management.
5. **Optimized Resource Use**: Greenhouses optimize resource use by minimizing inputs such as water, fertilizers, pesticides, and energy, while maximizing outputs in terms of crop yield, quality, and economic returns. This leads to efficient and sustainable agricultural practices.
6. **Crop Diversity**: Greenhouses accommodate a wide variety of crops, including vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers, and ornamental plants. This allows for crop diversity, experimentation, and year-round availability of fresh produce, meeting diverse market demands and consumer preferences.
7. **Research and Innovation**: Greenhouses provide controlled environments for research, experimentation, and innovation in plant breeding, genetics, cultivation techniques, climate resilience, and sustainable agriculture practices. This contributes to advancements in agricultural science and technology.
8. **Local Food Production**: Greenhouses support local food production by enabling growers to cultivate crops closer to urban areas and markets. This reduces transportation costs, carbon emissions, and reliance on imported food, promoting food security and community resilience.
Q = Write difference between drying and dehydration
A - Here are the key differences between drying and dehydration:
1. **Definition**:
- Drying: Removing moisture from food products to inhibit spoilage and reduce weight and volume for storage and transportation.
- Dehydration: Specifically reducing moisture levels in food to a very low level, allowing for long-term storage without refrigeration.
2. **Purpose**:
- Drying: General preservation method to extend shelf life and maintain food quality.
- Dehydration: Intensive preservation technique for long-term storage and compactness.
3. **Techniques**:
- Drying: Methods include sun drying, air drying, oven drying, freeze drying, etc.
- Dehydration: Specialized techniques like vacuum drying, freeze drying, and infrared drying are commonly used.
4. **Moisture Content**:
- Drying: Food retains some moisture (around 10-20%) for texture, flavor, and nutrition.
- Dehydration: Food has extremely low moisture content (often below 10%) for extended shelf life and lightweight storage.
5. **End Products**:
- Drying: Examples include dried fruits, jerky, herbs, etc.
- Dehydration: Examples include powdered milk, instant noodles, dehydrated soups, etc.
6. **Storage**:
- Drying: Foods are preserved but may require refrigeration for long-term storage.
- Dehydration: Foods are shelf-stable and can be stored without refrigeration for extended periods.
7. **Nutritional Value**:
- Drying: Some nutrients may be lost but overall nutritional value is retained.
- Dehydration: Nutritional content is generally well-preserved due to low moisture levels.
8. **Industry Applications**:
- Drying: Widely used in food processing, culinary arts, and commercial food production.
- Dehydration: Commonly used in emergency food rations, backpacking meals, and prepared food ingredients.
9. **Cost and Equipment**:
- Drying: Can be done using basic methods and equipment like ovens or dehydrators.
- Dehydration: Often requires specialized equipment and processes, which can be more costly.
10. **Efficiency**:
- Drying: Generally faster process compared to dehydration.
- Dehydration: Requires more time and controlled conditions for moisture reduction to very low levels.
Q = Write about the quality of an ideal covering materials used in greenhouse
A -
SECTION-C
3 A Enlist and explain the commercial grain dryers in Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture.
A -
B "Greenhouse drying is a modern and efficient approach to preserving the quality and characteristics of agricultural products". Explain in detail?'
A Explain different components of greenhouse environment in detail.
A -
Q - Classify greenhouse on the following basis:
i. Based on purpose and function
ii. Bases on Crop Requirements
Orchid Houses: Designed to provide optimal conditions for growing orchids.
Vegetable Greenhouses: Tailored for growing vegetables in controlled environments.
Flower Greenhouses: Focused on cultivating flowers like roses, carnations, and chrysanthemums.
iij. Based on Cultural Systems or Growing Systems
Hydroponic Greenhouse: These greenhouses are specifically designed for hydroponic
cultivation, where plants are grown in nutrient-rich water without soil. They incorporate systems
for water circulation, nutrient delivery, and plant support •
Aquaponic Greenhouse: An aquaponic green house combines hydroponics and fish farming,
creating a self-sustaining system where fish waste fertilizes plants and plants filter water for fish.
Soil-Based Greenhouse: In a soil-based greenhouse, plants grow in soil or soil-like media. It
offers a familiar growing environment but requires more management for pests, diseases, and
nutrients.
Vertical Farming Greenhouse: Vertical farming greenhouses stack plants in layers to maximize
space, often using hydroponics or aero ponics. They optimize urban land use and provide precise
control over growth conditions.
