SECTION A
Q - Write the centre of origin of Chickpea and barley.
A- Barley - Asia and Euthopia
Chickpea - South east turkey
Q - Write the two wild relatives of Chickpea
A - Wild Relative -
C. bijugam
C. ecinospermum
C. eciculatum
Q - Write the full form of CIMMYT and AICWIP
A - The full forms are
- **CIMMYT**: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
- **AICWIP**: All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project
SECTION-B
Q - Write the chromosome No. of the following crops, lentil, sunflower, wheat, and Barley
a - The chromosome numbers for the specified crops are:
- **Lentil (Lens culinaris)**: 2n = 14 (diploid)
- **Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)**: 2n = 34 (diploid)
- **Wheat (Triticum aestivum)**: 2n = 6x = 42 (hexaploid)
- **Barley (Hordeum vulgare)**: 2n = 14 (diploid)
Q - Write the names of four varieties of Barley with their special feature.
A - Barley with their special features -
Barley varieties - Ratna, Jyoti, Kailas - Hulled varieties
Karan-750, Amber, Himadri Huskless varieties
Malting varieties
Karan 16, Karan 18, 19, Jyoti
karan-3,4 Amber, Azad Salt tolerant varieties
Kailash, Himani, Dolma, NP-100,
Rajkiran Nematode resistant variety
Nilam and Karan 19 Better chappati making quality for barley varieties.
Q - List down the Cultivated Species of Field Pea
A - Pisum arvensis , Pisum sativum
Q - Briefly discuss the floral biology of Chickpea.
A - FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. The flowers are papilionaceous.
2. They are solitary in axillary racemes.
3. Double flowers are rare, but are very much sought after by the breeders as possible
sources of yield increase.
4. The calyx has five deep lancelolate teeth. Peduncle and calyx are hairy.
5. Generally, corolla is white.
6. The vexillum is obovate, 8-11 mm long and 7-10 mm wide.
7. Wings are obovate, 8-9 mm long. The keel is 6-8 mm long.
8. Number of pods/plant is highly variable, generally between 30 and 150 depending on the
year, location, sowing time and other factors.
SECTION-C
Q - Give the botanical description and explain the four important varieties of sunflower.
A - B. NAME Helianthus annus
FAMILY Composite
CHROMOSOME NO. 2n=34
ORIGIN America
USSR, Romania, Canada, UAS, in India this crop is introdeced in 1969 From USSR.
In India it is cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra and Andhra pradesh, Punjab
and Hariyana.
WILD SPECIES -
Helianthus hirsutus, Helianthus rigidus
The genus Helianthus comprises of 67 species. Two species H. annus and H. tuberosus are
cultivated as food plants genus has basic chromosome number of 17 and diploid, tetraploid
and hexaploid species are found.
FLORAL BIOLOGY
The inflorescence is a capitulum or head, characteristic of composite family.
The number of flowers in oilseed cultivars may vary from 700 to 3000.
The flower of the outer whorl of the head are called as ray florets.
They have five elongated petals which are united to form straplike structures.
They have vestigeal styles and stigmas and no anthers.
The other flowers arranged in concentric rings over the remainder of the head are called
as disc flowers.
Five anthers are united to form a tube with separate filament attached to the base of the
corolla tube.
Inside the anther tube, there is the style, terminating in a stigma which is divided.
The receptive surfaces of stigma remain in close contact in bud stage.
The achene or the fruit of the sunflower consists of a seed often called the kernel.
The adhering pericarp is usually called the hull.
The seed consists of seed coat, endosperm and embryo.
Major part of embryo is in the form of cotyledons.
Important varieties - LSH-1 Downy mildew resistant, rainfed
2 LSH-2 Downy mildew resistant, rainfed
Bhaskar Early maturing, high yield, oil content 37-38 %, dark black shiny seeds.
Bhanu - drought tolerant
Q - Give the botanical description and explain the different varieties of desi gram and kabuli.
A - B. NAME - Cicer arietnum
FAMILY Leguminoceae
CHROMOSOME NO. 2n=16
ORIGIN -
LECTURE NO. 2
PULSES
1. CHICKPEA
The chickpea is most probably originated in an area of present day south-eastern Turkey and
adjoining Syria.
RELATED SPECIES - C. reticulatum, C. pinnatifidum, C. songaricum
Two main categories of Chickpea are recognized which are distinguished mainly by their
seed characteristics. They are
1) Desi types, which are relatively smaller, angular seeds with rough yellow to brown
coloured testas.
2) Kabuli types, with large, more rounded and cream coloured seeds.
WILD SPECIES
The wild species of Cicer closely related to chickpea are :
i) C. bijugum
ii) C. echinospermum
iii) C. ecticulatum
FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. The flowers are papilionaceous.
2. They are solitary in axillary racemes.
3. Double flowers are rare, but are very much sought after by the breeders as possible
sources of yield increase.
4. The calyx has five deep lancelolate teeth. Peduncle and calyx are hairy.
5. Generally, corolla is white.
6. The vexillum is obovate, 8-11 mm long and 7-10 mm wide.
7. Wings are obovate, 8-9 mm long. The keel is 6-8 mm long.
8. Number of pods/plant is highly variable, generally between 30 and 150 depending on the
year, location, sowing time and other factors.
In India, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is cultivated in two main types: Desi and Kabuli. Here are some popular varieties of each type:
### Desi Chickpea Varieties:
1. **Pusa 256**:
- **Features**: Early maturing, high-yielding variety with small, angular, and brown seeds.
- **Suitable Regions**: Northern and central India.
2. **JG 11**:
- **Features**: Drought-tolerant, high-yielding variety with medium-sized seeds.
- **Suitable Regions**: Southern India.
3. **Annigeri 1**:
- **Features**: High-yielding, tolerant to wilt disease.
- **Suitable Regions**: Karnataka and other southern states.
4. **Vijay**:
- **Features**: High-yielding variety with good resistance to pests and diseases.
- **Suitable Regions**: Maharashtra and adjoining regions.
5. **GNG 1581**:
- **Features**: High-yielding with good resistance to wilt and dry root rot.
- **Suitable Regions**: Rajasthan and other arid regions.
### Kabuli Chickpea Varieties:
1. **Pusa 1105**:
- **Features**: High-yielding, large-seeded variety with creamy white seeds.
- **Suitable Regions**: Northern and central India.
2. **L-552**:
- **Features**: Medium-duration, high-yielding variety with large, white seeds.
- **Suitable Regions**: Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
3. **Shubhra**:
- **Features**: Early maturing with large, attractive seeds.
- **Suitable Regions**: Central and western India.
4. **KAK 2**:
- **Features**: High-yielding, tolerant to wilt and root rot.
- **Suitable Regions**: Madhya Pradesh and adjoining areas.
5. **BG 1053**:
- **Features**: Large-seeded, high-yielding variety with good market acceptance.
- **Suitable Regions**: Northern India.
Q - Write the floral formula of Malvaceae and Liliaceae
A - ### Floral Formula of Malvaceae:
**Family:** Malvaceae
The Malvaceae family, commonly known as the mallow family, includes well-known plants like hibiscus, cotton, and okra. The typical floral formula for the family Malvaceae is:
**Floral Formula:**
\[ \% \ K5 \ C5 \ A(\infty) \ G(5) \]
**Interpretation:**
- **%**: The flower is actinomorphic (radially symmetrical).
- **K5**: The calyx has five sepals, which can be fused or free.
- **C5**: The corolla has five petals, which are often free.
- **A(\infty)**: The androecium has numerous stamens, often fused by their filaments into a tube surrounding the pistil (monadelphous).
- **G(5)**: The gynoecium has five fused carpels, forming a superior ovary.
### Floral Formula of Liliaceae:
**Family:** Liliaceae
The Liliaceae family, commonly known as the lily family, includes many ornamental plants like lilies, tulips, and asparagus. The typical floral formula for the family Liliaceae is:
**Floral Formula:**
\[ * \ P3+3 \ A6 \ G(3) \]
**Interpretation:**
- **\***: The flower is actinomorphic (radially symmetrical).
- **P3+3**: The perianth consists of two whorls of three tepals each, often indistinguishable as sepals or petals.
- **A6**: The androecium has six stamens arranged in two whorls.
- **G(3)**: The gynoecium has three fused carpels, forming a superior ovary.
### Detailed Floral Biology:
**Malvaceae:**
- **Flower Structure:**
- **Calyx:** Typically five sepals, often fused at the base.
- **Corolla:** Five petals, usually free and conspicuous.
- **Androecium:** Numerous stamens, often fused into a staminal tube (monadelphous).
- **Gynoecium:** Usually a syncarpous ovary with multiple locules, often five.
- **Pollination:** Often by insects, attracted by large, colorful petals and abundant pollen.
**Liliaceae:**
- **Flower Structure:**
- **Perianth:** Six tepals (3+3), often brightly colored and showy.
- **Androecium:** Six stamens in two whorls.
- **Gynoecium:** A superior ovary with three fused carpels, often trilocular.
- **Pollination:** Usually by insects or birds, attracted by the vibrant tepals and nectar.
