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 AGRI Grovestudies 

                                                Agriculture Meteorology Important

 

1.      What is Agri – Meteorology ?

è Agri-meteorology is the branch meteorology that deals with the relationship between weather and climate and agriculture. It involves the study of the interaction between meteorological factor and agricultural systems. Including crop growth , soil health and water management.

 

2.      Scope of Agri-Meteorology ?

è The scope of agri-meteorology includes –

a.      Weather forecasting – which helps farmer make informed decisions about planting .

b.      Crop yield production – it help to predict crop yields and assist in agricultural planning, which crop is suitable for particular region.

c.      Climate change – help by providing information on weather patterns, drought, floods and other climate risks.

d.      Pest & disease management – it help in early detection and prevention of pests and disease that affect by providing information.

e.      Water management – it help to optimize use through irrigation and provide imformation.  

 

3.      Difference between climate and weather ?

è  Timeframe – weather refers to short- term atmospheric condition that occur over hours or days.

While climate refers to long-term atmospheric condition that occur over decades or centuries.

è Scope -  weather is local and specific to a particular region.

While climate is broader concept that refer to average atmospheric condition of the large area or region.

è Variation – weather can vary significantly day to day .

While climate is relatively stable and changes slowely over time.

è Measurement – weather is measured using parameters such as temperature , humidity, wind speed and direction.

While climate is measured using long-term average of these parameters.

è Predictability – weather is challenging to predict accurately beyond a few days.

While climate can be predicted with reasonable accuracy over long periods, assuming the underlying conditions remain relatively stable.

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4.      What is wind ? Types of wind ?

è Wind is the movement of air relative to the earth’s surface. It is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure, which result from variations in temperature and the rotation of the earth. The three main types of wind are :-

a.      Planetary wind – these are large – scale winds that blow over past regions of the earth’s surface. They are caused by uneven heating of the earth’s surface, which creates difference in atmospheric pressure.

Example – trade winds , polar easterlies , prevailing westerlies.

b.      Local winds – these are smaller-scale winds that occur over a relatively small area and are caused by local temperature and pressure differences.

Example – sea breezes , land breezes, etc.

c.      Seasonal winds – these are winds that change direction or intensity with the seasons. They are caused by variation in temperature and pressure patterns that occur as a result of seasonal changes in the amount of solar radiation received by different regions of the earth.

Example – seasonal wind (monsoons)..

     Factor affecting of wind - 

Wind is the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Several factors can affect the speed and direction of the wind, including:

Pressure gradient: The difference in atmospheric pressure between two locations is known as the pressure gradient. The greater the difference in pressure, the stronger the wind will be.

Coriolis effect: The rotation of the Earth causes a deflection of the wind to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is known as the Coriolis effect and it influences the direction of the wind.

Friction: The frictional force between the Earth's surface and the air can slow down the wind, particularly near the ground. This can cause the wind to change direction and speed.

Temperature: Differences in temperature can cause differences in air density, which can result in changes in atmospheric pressure and wind patterns.

Land and water: Land and water absorb and release heat at different rates, which can create differences in temperature and pressure that can affect wind patterns.

Topography: The shape of the land can affect wind patterns, particularly near mountains and other high elevations. Wind may be deflected or accelerated by these features, resulting in changes in wind direction and speed.

Ocean currents: The circulation of ocean currents can also influence wind patterns. Warm ocean currents can cause warm air to rise and create low pressure, while cold ocean currents can cause cold air to sink and create high pressure.

5.      What is cyclone ? Types of Cyclones ?

è A cyclone is a weather phenomenon characterized by  a low-pressure center and rotating winds that spiral inward. Cyclones are also known as tropical storms , hurricane , or typhoons depending on the region where they occur cyclones typically form over warm ocean waters in tropical regions and can bring heavy rain, strong winds, and strong surges.

Cyclones can be extremely destructive with strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges causing flooding , landslides, and damage to infrastructure and property.

Effective disaster preparation and early warning systems are essential for reducing the impact of cyclones on human populations and infrastructure.

Anti- Cyclone 

An anticyclone, or high-pressure system, is a weather system characterized by a large area of high atmospheric pressure relative to the surrounding area. This results in a clockwise flow of air in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere, around the center of the high-pressure system. Anticyclones are associated with clear skies, calm winds, and stable atmospheric conditions.

There are several types of cyclones –

a.      Tropical cyclones – these are intense low-pressure systems that form over warm oceans waters systems that form over warm oceans waters in tropical regions. They are characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. Tropical cyclones are classified by their wind speed, with weaker storms called tropical depressions and tropical storm, while stronger storm is hurricane or typhoons.

b.      Polar cyclones – these are low pressure systems that form over the polar regions, typically during winter months. Polar cyclones are characterized by intense winds and heavy snowfall.

c.      Mesocyclone – these are small – scale, rotating thunderstorms that can produce thunderstorms that can produce stong winds, hall, and tornadoes. Mesocyclones are typically associated with sever thunderstorms and can cause significant damage.

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